Sweet Choices Essay -- Business, Dairy Queen, Grandpa McCullough

I. The Beginnings of Dairy Queen The founders of Dairy Queen's famous soft serve ice cream, John Fremont 'Grandpa' McCullough and his son Alex McCullough, originally established the Homemade Ice Cream Company in 1927 in Davenport, Iowa. The father and son duo originally sold an assortment of ice cream products in and around places like Moline and Rock Island, Illinois, and Bettendorf and Davenport, Iowa, until the need to expand in the early 1930's caused the McCullough's to decide to relocate their ice cream mix plant to a former cheese factory in Green River, Illinois. The process the McCullough's used to make ice cream was difficult and complex: Butterfat, milk solids, sweetener, and stabilizer were first combined, then mixed, and finally put into a batch freezer where the combination was chilled, given a specific amount of air (technically called 'overrun'), and flavored. The product was denser and richer than most ice creams, with less overrun. When the temperature reached 23 degrees Fahrenheit, a spigot was opened in the freezer and the soft ice cream flowed into three- gallon containers. The containers were covered with lids, frozen at minus-ten degrees Fahrenheit, and delivered to customers. When an ice cream store was ready to serve the product, the ice cream was put into a dipping cabinet and the temperature increased to five degrees Fahrenheit. (IDQ 1920-40) At the time, ice cream was frozen solid to accommodate manufacturers and store owners when they transferred the ice cream from one location to another location. However, when ice cream is served at such cold temperatures, it causes consumers taste buds to become numb which, subsequently, meant that consumers could not get the full flavor of the ice... ...65 in Canada, 123 in Japan, and over 30 in eight other foreign countries. (IDQ 1970) While the addition of the Peanut Butter Parfait and the Hot Fudge Brownie Delight in the 1980's proved to be very successful, it was the Blizzard that propelled the company to the number one spot in America's treat chain industry. This unique soft serve medley, mixed with fruit, cookies, and candy, sold over 175 million units in its first year alone. (IDQ 1980-90) The company gradually continued domestic and international growth in the early 1990's. Around the U.S., stores began to open in more non-traditional areas such as airports, railroad stations, shopping malls, and even office complexes. Internationally, the company planned to open stores in Western and Eastern Europe while development was started in Thailand, Cyprus, Kuwait, Oman, Taiwan, and Indonesia. (IDQ 1980-90)

Classical School of Criminology: Definitions of some terminology Essay

Introduction The Classical School of Criminology emerged during the period of Enlightenment and was to become an important role player in the scientific study of Criminology. The Classical School of thought offered the first naturalistic explanation of crime and basic ideas about crime and a criminal justice system were developed. (Bezuidenhoud, 2013, p. 126) The Classical school and its proponents left a legacy which can be seen in the Constitutions of many countries (including South Africa) and form the basis and foundation of many laws and Criminological theories. Here following is a discussion on three (3) of the concepts (Hedonism, Death Penalty and Deterrence) as introduced by the Classical School but with particular attention paid to how these concepts form a part of modern day Criminology and how the current concepts can be improved upon in South African Law. 1. Hedonism 2. Social Contract 3. Law 4. Deterrence 5. Due process of law 6. Death Penalty Hedonism The concept of Hedonism is grounded in several scientific fields of study. In Psychology the definition for Hedonism is given as: â€Å"the theory that conduct and especially all human behaviour are fundamentally motivated by the pursuit of pleasure or the avoidance of pain†. (Hedonism. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th Ed.) Jeremy Bentham in his book Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) defines Hedonism as â€Å"A doctrine with the central tenet that the achievement of pleasure or happiness is the main goal of life. (Bentham, Jeremy, (1988), Chap 5) The word ‘hedonism’ comes from the ancient Greek for ‘pleasure’. Psychological or motivational hedonism claims that only pleasure or pain motivates us. Ethical or evaluative hedonism claims that only pleasure has worth or value and only pain or displeasure has disvalue or the opposite of worth. Jeremy Bentham asserted both psychological and ethical hedonism with the first two sentences of his book An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation: â€Å"Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain, and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do†. Debate about hedonism was a feature too of many centuries before Bentham, and this has also continued after him. (Bentham, Jeremy, (1988), Chap 1) In layman’s terms Hedonism implies that every human has the inborn desire and compulsion to weigh pleasure and pain up against each other and ultimately choose to go for the pleasure option. Therefore laws should be formulated in such a way that, bearing in mind the innate desires for pleasure, man will be curtailed by †pain†. Any person should be able to weigh the pleasure to be gained by an illegal act against the punishment (pain) decreed by law and subsequently to decide against the act. (Philips, A.R., (2014), Slide 19) In modern-day South Africa nothing seems to have changed. It is merely the forms of pleasure and pain that have evolved due to the technological changes since the 18th century. The search for pleasure has become more powerful with all citizens; society in general and government aiming at gaining â€Å"pleasure† sometimes at any cost. The ordinary citizen sees the level of luxury of the â€Å"haves† and will consider anything to be able to experience the same level of pleasure. Furthermore, certain promises were made 20 years ago when the country moved from apartheid to democracy. Although huge strides have been made there has been a definite widening of the gap between the â€Å"haves† and the â€Å"have-nots†. Simplistically crime has evolved into the one sector of the poor turning them to crime to achieve a level of survival (those who have experienced no or very little improvement in their lives) while another sector is driven to crime purely by greed. The  desire for fast, easy money through crimes such as drugs and prostitution. Death Penalty Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) together with Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) was considered to be the most influencial during the Classical School period. Beccaria famously writing mostly about Deterrence as prevention of crime and Punishment should fit the crime Beccaria also called for the abolition of capital punishment. He offered three Main arguments: first, that the death penalty is not useful within a rational and well-ordered Criminal justice system; second that capital punishment is illegitimate under a social Contractarian theory of political obligation; and, third, that the irrevocable nature of the death Penalty is incompatible with the fallible human judgments that are necessarily involved in Capital punishment. Every time a remarkable crime occurs – remarkable either because of the fame of the victim or the extraordinary brutality of the act – there are people calling for a debate on the restoration of the death penalty in South Africa; for the protection of good people, children, and the whole of society against monsters. When it comes to death penalty the Constitution of South Africa is very clear too; there are three basic rights entrenched in the Bill of Rights which focuses on the unconstitutionality of state sanctioned murder. These rights are: the right to life, the right to freedom and security of the person and the right to dignity (SA Constitution, (1996), Section 12 (1)) The death penalty is a highly contentious issue which has been the subject of much debate, writings and research. Botswana still passes the Death sentence and is the country with the lowest crime rate. As stated in The Botswana travel Guide (2013) stated: â€Å"People in Botswana are very friendly and the crime rate is low.† Could the reason for this be that the Death sentence (an act of revenge) acts as Deterrence on a general level? This is a proverbial can of worms that I would definitely not like to open. South Africa’s Death sentence history is a very murky one. About 3500 inmates were hung in the previous century. Of these were 130 whose only crime was fighting for freedom for all South African citizens. (Is this the most ghoulish tourist attraction in the world? Gallows where 3500 were hanged declared a national, monument in South Africa, (2011, 15 December) My personal view on the topic is that we should maintain the status quo for several reasons. 1. Being a Christian I believe in the Commandment â€Å"Thou shall not kill† 2. Killing a killer does not make is right. 3. The Death sentence is purely an act of revenge and serves no purpose as deterrence. One could however argue the point that Abortion (which is legalized in this country) is also murder. Murder of intent but once again another contentious issue. Death sentencing, in my opinion, is barbaric, inhumane, and cruel and has no place in our modern society and Constitution. Deterrence According to the Classical school â€Å"the law was to protect the rights of both society and the individual, and its chief purpose was to deter criminal behaviour. Therefore Classical law emphasized moral responsibility and the duty of citizens to consider fully the consequences of behaviour before they acted†¦.. The role of punishment, according to Bentham, in itself was evil and should be used only to exclude some greater evil. Thus, the only justification for punishment was Deterrence. The Classical school saw two forms of Deterrence: a specific or individual form and a general or societal form.† (Williams, P.W. and McShane, M.D., (2014), pg. 17) Individual Deterrence is aimed at the individual who has committed the crime. The punishment should therefore be equal to the crime committed so that the offender will remember the unpleasantness of the punishment and not repeat the activity again. General or societal deterrence is aimed at the society at large. The severity of punishment should be determined by the extent of damage to the public welfare. BUT the aim of punishment should be to restrain the criminal from causing any further damage (individual deterrence) and deter others from crime (general deterrence). (Carlitz, A., (2013), Chap 5) In South Africa today our penal system makes provision for 3 aims of punishment: Retribution, deterrence and Rehabilitation. All three aimed at providing peace, harmony and safety for all its citizens. Our Constitution leans more heavily towards Rehabilitation. All attempts are therefore made to ensure that the offender learns from his punishment and rehabilitates to become a productive member of our society. Deterrence is to my mind a positive way of dealing with offenders. If implemented correctly it can go a long way in leading to a better society. However there seems to be different rules for different people. Deterrence has very little value if punishment for high-profile offenders is reduced while the ordinary citizen has to face the full wrath of the law. The society looks at the preferential treatment of certain high-profile citizens. Examples of preferential treatment. 1. Schabir Shaik (Durban businessman and friend of President Jacob Zuma): On 8 June he was sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment on each of the two counts of corruption, as well as 3 years on the count of fraud. The sentences will run concurrently, giving him an effective 15year prison term. On 3 March 2009 Shaik was released on medical parole, after serving two years and four months of his 15-year prison term. Since that time he has been seen regularly busy with activities which clearly refuted his alleged medical condition (Opposition slams release of Schabir Shaik, (2009, 3 March), p. 1) and Schabir Shaik’s parole paradise, 2010, 8 January, p.1) 2. Jackie Selebi (SA Police Commissioner): Selebi was found guilty of corruption on 2 July 2010 and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment on 3 August 2010. His appeal against his sentence was rejected by the Supreme Court of Appeal on 2 December 2011, after the court unanimously ruled against him. However, he was released on medical parole in July 2012. (Selebi guilty of corruption, (2010, 2 July), p. 1) Tony Yengeni (South African politician): In 2004, Yengeni was convicted of  defrauding parliament by accepting a discount on a luxury car during the tendering process for a controversial arms deal while he was the member of a parliamentary committee reporting on the same deal. The case against Michael Woerfel was withdrawn since Yengeni was found not guilty on the charges involving Woerfel. Yengeni entered Pollsmoor Prison near Cape Town on 24 August 2006, was immediately transferred to more modern Malmesbury prison, but was released on parole on 15 January 2007 — after completing a mere four months of the four-year sentence. ((Tony Yengeni. (n.d.). In Wikipedia.) Cases such as the three mentioned above, do not sit well with the South African citizens. Such cases make people suspicious and negative towards our legal system. They do very little to act as a Deterrence since citizens believe that you will only receive fair treatment if you are somebody important. Conclusion One could argue that the Classical School was extremely radical regarding the rights of criminals and working tirelessly at proving that criminals were forced into crime by various internal and external factors because of the appalling circumstances and inhumane punishments that went on in the centuries prior to the enlightenment. They could seem to have had an axe to grind and wrote prolifically on the topic. What can however not be disputed is that they were very forward in their thinking and set the stage for many reforms to take place in the penal system. The value of their proposals is proven by the number of countries that have entrenched in their constitutions many of the changes advocated by the writers of the Classical School. Many of the ideas championed by Beccaria in such rights as freedom from cruel and unusual punishment, the right to a speedy trial, freedom from cruel and unusual punishment, the right to a prohibition of ex post facto laws, the right to confront one’s accusers, and equality under law, contained in the Bill of Rights and other documents at the heart of Western legal systems today. (Bezuidenhoud, C., Ed, (2013), p. 127) Bibliography Associated Press, (December 15, 2011), Is this the most ghoulish tourist attraction in the world? Gallows where 3500 were hanged declared a national, monument in South Africa, Daily Mail. Bentham, Jeremy, (1988), The Principles of Morals and Legislation. Amherst: Prometheus Books. Bezuidenhoud, C, Ed., (2013), A Southern African Perspective on Fundamental Criminology, Cape Town, Heineman Botswana, (n.d.), In Wikitravel, Retrieved on February 17, 2014 from http://wikitravel.org/ Carlitz, A., (2013), Theoretical foundation of Sentencing, Bloemfontein Groenewald, Y., (March 3, 2009), Opposition slams release of Schabir Shaik, Mail and Guardian. Groenewald, Y., (January 8, 2010), Schabir Shaik’s Parole Paradise, Mail & Guardian Hedonism. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11th Ed.). Retrieved from http://www.mw.com/dictionary/hedonismp. Jackie Selebi (December 30, 2013), In Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopaedia, Retrieved on 2014 February, 17 from http://en.wikipedia.org/ Philips, A.R., (2014), Crime Causation according to the Classical School, Bloemfontein. South African Constitution, (1996), Cape Town Tony Yengeni, (n.d.), In Wikipedia: The Free encyclopaedia, Retrieved on February 17, 2014 from http://en.wikipedia.org/ Wiliams P.W. & McShane, M.D., (2014) Criminological Theories, 6th Ed, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall

The UN and the Korean War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 941 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/06 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Korean War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Following Japanese defeat in World War Two, the United States, China and the United Kingdom adopted a joint resolution stating that Korea formerly part of the Japanese empire- would become an independent country. However the United States only occupied the southernmost portion of the peninsula, while the northern part of the country had previously been liberated by the soviet army. For this reason it was decided that Korea would be split into two portions: North Korea and South Korea, divided along the 38th parallel. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The UN and the Korean War" essay for you Create order This border was hastily and clumsily drawn and both Kim Il Sung and Syngman Rhee, leaders of North and South Korea respectively, viewed it as temporary, making conflict virtually inevitable. On June 25th, 1950 the Korean war officially started when 75,000 soldiers from North Korea attacked the south, and within three days, had overtaken Pyongyang. This movement was also the first military action taken in the cold war. The Republic of Korea in the south was ill equipped and had far too few soldiers to fight the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea in the North, so the UN intervened, supplying the south with troops and supplies. The Korean War was of particular interest to the UN because it was the first major global conflict after the end of World War Two. The war erupted only five years after the UNs inception, and was an opportunity for the UN to prove their credibility and power ,or lack thereof, on a global scale.Because the UN did not recognize communist governments, the Soviet Union was absent when the council took a vote on weather or not to become involved in the Korean war, as the Soviet Union was protesting the UNs refusal to recognize The Peoples republic of China as the official government of China. This absence meant the UN had enough votes in support of aiding South Korea. Sixteen UN member nations sent fighting units, and five sent military hospitals and ambulances. Support from the UN made it possible for the otherwise undermanned and underfunded Republic of Korea to become a formidable opponent to the north for over three years of fighting and five million casualties. In 1953 a negotiation for an armistice between the two nations began. The specifics of the armistice were debated for two years before they were finally settled upon on July 27th 1953. A new border was drawn up between the two nations near the 38th parallel and created a two mile wide demilitarization zone that is still in use, resulting in two nations that are still at war today. The Domino theory of communism was a popular belief in the US at the time of the Korean war, and citizens of the United States saw south Korea as a bulwark against the spread of communism southwards into Asia. It was this belief that prompted the US government to take action against the Peoples Republic of Korea. President Truman sent U.S. troops and weapons to Cover and Support South Korea months before the UN officially sanctioned the aid of troops and weapons from nation members to the south. While the official stated function of the UN in the Korean war was to to stimulate and coordinate offers of assistance in reality, its actual function was to to promote continuing United Nations participation in and supervision of the military security action in Korea of a more intimate and undistracted character than the Security Council could be expected to provide. according to UN secretary general Trygve Lie. The United States was not in favor of a global supervisory committee overseeing the war, and because the United States was a powerful political entity, the US government had the power to effectively reject such a committee, leaving the US in charge of both the political and strategic matters of the war. The major role of the United States in the UNs decision making was corroborated upon the creation of a US coalition that included troops from the UK, Canada, Turkey and other member states which was dispatched to bolster the South Korean defence. The Soviet Union opposed the United States views on the Korean war and provided aid to the North Korean Government. The Peoples Republic of China was not officially recognized by the UN, but they also provided North Korea with vital troops and weapons, that kept the north afloat while battling the south. The French, Australian, and British were all also major players in the UN at this time, however their views were more or less aligned with those of the United States at this time.In the short term, the UN provided troops and weapons that helped bring the Korean war to a stalemate. In the Long term, the Korean war helped define what the role of the UN in future conflicts would be. The war established the credibility of the UN as a major global organization, however it brought into question the Legitimacy of the UN taking on the role of a military command center. The effects of this can still be seen today, as the UN primarily functions as a peacekeeping body rather than a military uni t, and most armies will only let their troops follow the orders of a general from their own country. The Korean War also highlighted some of the UNs inherent flaws. The United States sent troops into South Korea before the UN resolution was approved, showing how easily the UN can become a rubber-stamp-like entity that lacks any real power or credibility. The Korean war also utilized some of the UNs best attributes, such as using the UN as a venue to declare global grievances and hypothesize potential solutions.

Personal Philosophy Reflection Paper - 1388 Words

1. My Work: As an Educator, my goal is to provide a safe, healthy, nurturing, and cooperative learning environment for all children in my classroom. I believe that if children are taught to self-regulate early in life, it could be a lifelong skill. I provide a print-rich environment that allows children to practice literacy skills in their classroom and understand concepts about books or print, alphabet, and letter-sound relationships. I offer activities that promote literacy knowledge and skills that support the foundation for reading and writing. I give children the opportunity to connect with their peers by providing space for large and small group interaction. Activities where children can observe and recorded finding, explore,†¦show more content†¦In the larger community, the participation I have is a being a member of the NAEYC. 2. Analysis of Knowledge Working with children means it take a whole community to help children be successful in building relationships with adults, peers, teachers, and families. It means working with families, outside sources and providing an adequate environment for children to be socially-emotionally ready for school readiness. Therefore, when children are in my care, I would assess the development level of children on an ongoing basis using the Desired Results Developmental Profile (DRDP) system in my classroom. This system was developed to observe, document, and reflect children’s learning and development progress (CDE, 2010). I gather observations from staff, and parents use screenings to help individualize and set goals for the children in my classroom. I collect work samples from the children and place in a portfolio to show their growth and development. I complete a summary of School Readiness Progress three times a year and share my documentation with parents in t he classroom. Parents and I develop goals for the children based on children’s needs and interest. The goals will allow me to individualize, or custom make my lesson plan target every student based on their needs. Using observation relates to Performance Area 1. Observation.Show MoreRelatedPersonal Philosophy Reflection Paper1203 Words   |  5 PagesFor the past six weeks, I learned how philosophy has influenced the world globally. Learning that when human beings voice their thoughts with others, they receive a chance to change the world, especially if one person speaks one on one, one personage can change the world of one body. My belief in the power of language is strengthened by philosophy. 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Optical Camouflage Technology - 1731 Words

THANDRA PAPARAYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Department Of Electronics And Communications (ECE) Subject An Advanced Seminar on†¦ Optical Camouflage Author 1 Munakala .Nagaraju Mail id: tpistece403@gmail.com Contact Number: 7799224496 9966557668 Contact Address Thandra Paparaya Institute Of Science amp; Technology, Komatapalli, Vizianagaram Dist. ABSTRACT: Imagination is impetus to Creativity, creativity defines Art, art redefines Perfection and Science aims at understanding this perfection by developing Technologies. One such Technology which came into existence is OPTICAL CAMOUFLAGE. The word†¦show more content†¦A projector accomplishes this task by shining a light beam through an opening controlled by a device called an iris diaphragm. An iris diaphragm is made of thin, opaque plates, and turning a ring changes the diameter of the central opening. For optical camouflage to work properly, this opening must be the size of a pinhole. Why? This ensures a larger depth of field so that the screen (in this case the cloak) can be located any distance from the projector. The Combiner: The system requires a special mirror to both reflect the projected image toward the cloak and to let light rays bouncing off the cloak return to the users eye. This special mirror is called a beam splitter, or a combiner -- a half-silvered mirror that both reflects light (the silvered half) and transmits light (the transparent half). If properly positioned in front of the users eye, the combiner allows the user to perceive both the image enhanced by the computer and light from the surrounding world. This is critical because the computer-generated image and the real-world scene must be fully integrated for the illusion of invisibility to seem realistic. The user has to look through a peephole in this mirror to see the augmented reality. 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Cryonics Essay Research Paper As we enter free essay sample

Cryonicss Essay, Research Paper As we enter a new millenary we are besides doing huge technological betterments. In the field of medical specialty in peculiar, there is cause for great optimism. There has neer been more power to reconstruct, keep and widen wellness. However there is something even bigger approaching, cryonics. Many people think of cryonics as some futuristic, science fiction procedure that would merely be possible in the films. However the thought of cryonics isn t truly that unreal. There are many groups and scientists working on cryonics and this astonishing procedure could go possible in the close hereafter. Cryonicss is a procedure that involves stop deading a patient and keeping them in a suspended province. During this province no cellular operation or cellular decay is present. Patients are put into this province when their organic structures become damaged through hurts, aging, or disease. Scientists are explicating a procedure to take the patients from this province when remedies for their damaged organic structures have been found. At the present clip many people have been put into a cryogenically frozen province but none have been revived from this province ( Rhoades ) . The first process for cryonic freeze was proposed in 1962 by Robert Ettinger a professor of natural philosophies at Highland Park College in Michigan. He came up with the thought of utilizing liquid N to stop dead patients in the hopes that one twenty-four hours it would be possible to reconstruct them and mend what was incorrect with them. This was the beginning of the cryonics motion. A current popular method is the arrested development and vitrafication method. Biologists bind tissue utilizing a glutaraldehyde solution. The glutaraldehyde molecule bouncinesss around inside the cell until in connects with a protein. Then another protein connects with the other side of the glutaraldehyde molecule. This procedure preserves cells and the constructions within them. The following measure is that the H2O in the cells is replaced by chemicals, such as propene ethanediol, ethylene ethanediol and dimethyl sulfoxide. These substances don t freezing like H2O does. In a procedure known as vitr ification these chemicals protect cells from freeze harm in much the same manner antifreeze protects an car engine from harm by stop deading H2O. If adequate of the cells H2O is replaced so chilling doesn T cause freeze, it merely causes the protectant solution to go more and more syrupy, traveling from a liquid that resembles thin sirup in its consistence to one that resembles hot pitch, to one that resembles cold pitch, to one as resistant to flux as a glass ( Drexler, 1986 ) . Although no grownup human being has of all time been revived from the province of cryogenic freeze, many scientists believe that non merely is it possible but it will be done in the close hereafter. They base their beliefs on up and coming surveies on nanotechnology. The agricultural revolution took centuries. The industrial revolution took decennaries. Molecular nanotechnology will alter human civilisation more than the agricultural or industrial revolution. The revolution of molecular nanotechnology, though, will merely take a few months # 8212 ; or, at most, a few old ages ( Emanuelson, 1991-1999 ) . What is nanotechnology? Nanotechnology is a scientific survey designed around the thought that every construction consistent with the Torahs of chemical science and natural philosophies can be built. Nobel Prize victor in natural philosophies Richard Feynman said, The rules of natural philosophies, every bit far as I can see, make non talk against the possibility of steering things atom by atom. Many believe that within 10 old ages scientists will hold probably learned how to patch together atoms and molecules on at a clip utilizing a Scaning Tunneling Microscope. The molecular machinery in our organic structures maintains our lives by managing m olecules at the molecular degree. A molecular machine is a big molecule that manipulates other molecules, one at a clip. Every clip we eat we are seting random molecules into our organic structures ; but these molecules are useless if our organic structures could non screen through them, form them and transport them to the portion of the organic structure where they are needed in the right manner. We are besides seting molecules in our organic structure when we take medical specialty. Once once more we depend on our organic structures to screen, and transport them. When we take a medical specialty, all we can make with today # 8217 ; s engineering is to shoot it into our blood stream or get down it, and hope that the organic structure will transport and utilize the substances decently. During surgery, even the most precise microsurgery, the sawbones # 8217 ; s scalpel pieces through 1000s of cells # 8212 ; traveling millions of molecules out of their proper places. From the cells point of position surgery is non delicate at all, but really rough and damaging. The molecular machinery of the organic structure has to mend all these cells after the sawbones is complete ( Emanuelson, 1991-1999 ) . Imagine if worlds could command all of these molecular procedures. This is what nanothechnology is all approximately. If we could develop bantam micro machines that continuously and expeditiously maintain the molecules of our organic structures, helping the natural molecular machinery in our organic structures, we would neer acquire ill. These machines would besides free the organic structure of foreign molecules such as viruses and bacteriums. Our organic structure s immune system is slow but if we could endorse it up with supports we could assist it contend off these enemies. If our natural antibodies were augmented by unreal antibodies made of carbon-fiber complexs and guided by virus-sized computing machines more powerful than today # 8217 ; s supercomputers, no interloper would hold a opportunity of infecting us. ( Emanuelson, 1991-1999 ) . Some scientists believe that within the following 30 old ages aging harm and all natural causes of decease can be eliminated. This can be d one by doing unreal molecular machines that continuously look into our cells for harm, and our Deoxyribonucleic acid for mutants, and do the proper fixs. The cell fix machines of molecular nanotechnology will non merely forestall the natural causes of decease, but most decease by injury every bit good. Artificial molecular machines can execute fixs far faster than the natural healing procedure. If an hurt is so terrible that it overwhelms the unreal healing procedure, the molecular machines can put the organic structure into biostasis, holding all farther harm until more aid arrives ( Emanuelson, 1991-1999 ) . There are many more signifiers of life other than worlds. Imagine the agricultural possibilities. An apple tree contains intricate molecular machinery that rearranges the molecules in soil, H2O and air into an apple. Artificial molecular machines developed in the following few decennaries will be able to make the same thing an apple tree does, but much more expeditiously. Some scientist envision a tabletop machine in which they can pour some soil and H2O into and teach the machine to do whatever fruit or vegetable they select. The finished merchandise will be available, to the full ripened, within the hr. Imagine the possibilities for fertilisers and pest control. You could hold the perfect pace without spraying on chemicals. The nanotechnology revolution could get within the following 15 old ages. With the usage of nanotechnology a frozen cryonics patient would easy be able to hold their cells repaired from cryopathy. Whatever disease the patient was afflicted with could besides be cured ( Emanuelson, 1991-1999 ) . Many animate beings have already been put through a procedure really similar to being cryogenically frozen. For illustration in 1992, BioTime Inc. successfully revived a baboon. BioTime replaced the baboon s blood with their blood-substitute solution, so the baboon s deep organic structure temperature was lowered to near stop deading. The animate being was anesthetized, immersed in ice and cooled to below 2 grades Celsius, utilizing the BioTime solution with cardiorespiratory beltway processs. After being bloodless and below 10 grades Centigrade for 55 proceedingss, the animate being was re-warmed and revived. BioTime still plans to make more experimentation on Primatess and their blood-substitute solution. The baboon is still being studied in order to if there are any long-run physical side effects ( Freeman, 1998 ) . Many people have kept Canis familiariss cold for hours so brought them back to life. The first cryonics organisation to make so was Alcor, in the mid 1980 # 8217 ; s. A German Shepherd Canis familiaris named Dixie under went a cryogenic experiment in which all its blood was drained out and replaced with a man-made solution. The Canis familiaris was so cooled to 4 grades Celsius. The German Shepherd s critical marks signaled that the Canis familiaris was dead. It was cold and stiff, eyes flattened out, the bosom did non crush, and the encephalon moving ridges had stopped. The Canis familiaris stayed in this province for four hours. The German Shepard s blood was so put back into its organic structure. They warmed it up and restored it to life. Alcor performed several fluctuations of this experiment with different blood replacements and temperatures. Gerry Arthus, Alcor New York # 8217 ; s Coordinator, has performed an experiment utilizing roundworms ( bantam worms ) , which shows that memories will last cryonic suspension. In this experiment Gerry used Caenorhabditis elegans, a roundworm, which is one of the simplest life animals. It has a compl ete nervous system, nevertheless, and can be trained in a fundamental manner. Worms that are raised in a warm environment will take a warm environment over a cold environment subsequently on in their life. Likewise, worms that were raised in a ice chest environment will take a cold environment over a warm environment. Gerry placed a little figure of worms in a cryoprotective solution and stop dead them to -80 grades Celsius for two hours. After the worms were revived from their frozen province they remember the environment that they preferred before the cryogenic freeze. This is the universe # 8217 ; s first experiment that verifies that memory is chemically encoded and will last the freeze procedure. The sample that Gerry used is excessively little to turn out anything once and for all. Gerry plans to reiterate the experiment with a big sample of Caenorhabditis elegans. He besides intends to invent trials to extinguish the possibility that the worms changed physiologically to acco mmodate themselves to warmer or cooler environments. I. Suda and A.C. Kito reported an experiment in which cat encephalons produced normal looking encephalon moving ridges after being frozen. The cat encephalons were perused with 15 % glycerin and cooled to -20 C for five yearss. Then the cat encephalons were warmed up and the glycerin was replaced with normal blood. The cat brains showed normal encephalon map when they were measured with an EEG. The engineering has improved well since this experiment was performed so better consequences could likely be achieved utilizing modern twenty-four hours equipment, if it was repeated. There are have besides been many experiments in which worlds or human embryos have been put through state of affairss similar to those involved in cryonics. The first human being to successfully emerge from cryonic suspension is John Brooks. He was removed from his female parent # 8217 ; s uterus and suspended in liquid N for two months. After he was thawed out, he was placed in his female parent # 8217 ; s uterus once more, and was born 11 months after being conceived. Thousands of embryos have been successfully frozen since so. There was a instance in which a human embryo was frozen at liquid N temperature for seven old ages, and so brought to term, and is now a healthy immature kid. The procedure of resuscitating a cryogenically frozen grownup homo is really similar to that of an embryo, in rule ( Ettinger, 1998 ) . There have besides been instances where worlds have survived inadvertent freeze. One recent instance of involvement involved a immature yearling in Edmonton. She had wondered out of the house, dressed in merely a nappy, into temperatures of negative 24 grades Celsius. The 13-month-old yearling was outside for several hours before she was found and brought to the infirmary, where she was found to hold no critical marks. To the astonishment of her physicians she recovered with no evident harm. This kid was able to retrieve from being frozen solid, ( in the words of a police officer on the scene ) ( Herald Sun, 2001 ) . Many people believe that cryonic suspension is merely for the rich. However there are now ways that allow a big bulk of people to afford cryonics suspension. The mean cost is about $ 75,000 which can be paid utilizing a $ 200 a twelvemonth life insurance policy, plus an add-on $ 300 a twelvemonth for cryonic foremost aid service. Cryonics Institute offers the cheapest services for $ 28,000, which can be paid with a $ 100 per twelvemonth life insurance policy ( Kluytmans, 1997 ) . The four chief suppliers of cryonic suspension are Alcor Life Extension Foundation, CryoCare Foundation, Cryonics Institute, and American Cryonics Society. Aging, unwellness, and decease, three of world s primary beginnings of hurting and sorrow, may be all but eradicated. What we will make when that happens and how it will alter us stay to be seen. Surely, the more prepared and anticipant we are, the better we can anticipate things to travel ( Rodriguez, 2001 ) .

Medivial Christianity Essays - The Canterbury Tales,

Medivial Christianity In discussing Chaucer's collection of stories called The Canterbury Tales, an interesting picture or illustration of the Medieval Christian Church is presented. However, while people demanded more voice in the affairs of government, the church became corrupt -- this corruption also led to a more crooked society. Nevertheless, there is no such thing as just church history; This is because the church can never be studied in isolation, simply because it has always related to the social, economic and political context of the day. In history then, there is a two way process where the church has an influence on the rest of society and of course, society influences the church. This is naturally because it is the people from a society who make up the church....and those same people became the personalities that created these tales of a pilgrimmage to Canterbury. The Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England was to take place in a relatively short period of time, but this was not because of the success of the Augustinian effort. Indeed, the early years of this mission had an ambivalence which shows in the number of people who hedged their bets by practicing both Christian and Pagan rites at the same time, and in the number of people who promptly apostatized when a Christian king died. There is certainly no evidence for a large-scale conversion of the common people to Christianity at this time. Augustine was not the most diplomatic of men, and managed to antagonize many people of power and influence in Britain, not least among them the native British churchmen, who had never been particularly eager to save the souls of the Anglo-Saxons who had brought such bitter times to their people. In their isolation, the British Church had maintained older ways of celebrated the major festivals of Christianity, and Augustine's effort to compel them to conform to modern Roman usage only angered them. When Augustine died (some time between 604 and 609 AD), then, Christianity had only a precarious hold on Anglo-Saxon England, a hold which was limited largely to a few in the aristocracy. Christianity was to become firmly established only as a result of Irish efforts, who from centers in Scotland and Northumbria made the common people Christian, and established on a firm basis the English Church. At all levels of society, belief in a god or gods was not a matter of choice, it was a matter of fact. Atheism was an alien concept (and one dating from the eighteenth century). Living in the middle ages, one would come into contact with the Church in a number of ways. First, there were the routine church services, held daily and attended at least once a week, and the special festivals of Christmas, Easter, baptisms, marriages, etc.. In that respect the medieval Church was no different to the modern one. Second, there were the tithes that the Church collected, usually once a year. Tithes were used to feed the parish priest, maintain the fabric of the church, and to help the poor. Third, the Church fulfilled the functions of a 'civil service' and an education system. Schools did not exist (and were unnecessary to a largely peasant society), but the Church and the government needed men who could read and write in English and Latin. The Church trained its own men, and these went to help in the government: writing letters, keeping accounts and so on. The words 'cleric' and 'clerk' have the same origin, and every nobleman would have at least one priest to act as a secretary. The power of the Church is often over-emphasized. Certainly, the later medieval Church was rich and powerful, and that power was often misused - especially in Europe. Bishops and archbishops were appointed without any training or clerical background, church offices changed hands for cash, and so on. The authority of the early medieval Church in England was no different to that of any other landowner. So, the question that haunted medieval man was that of his own salvation. The existence of God was never questioned and the heart-cry of medieval society was a desire to know God and achieve intimacy with the divine. Leading a life pleasing to God was the uppermost concern, and the wide diversity of medieval piety is simply because people answered the question, 'How can I best lead a holy life?' in so many different ways. Beginning with The Pardoner's Tale, the theme of salvation is truly paramount. Chaucer, being one of the most important medieval authors, uses this prologue and tale to make a statement about buying salvation. The character of the pardoner is one of the most despicable pilgrims, seemingly along for the ride to his next gig as the seller of relics. For